http://www.pittsburghese.com - an interactive site, no longer maintained, on which people contributed items they consider to be "Pittsburghese." Also includes a video demonstration. Because anyone could contribute and because the explanations on the site are humorous, this is not an authoritative source of information about Pittsburgh speech. It is an interesting source of data and ideas for research, however.

Various other on-line discussions and dictionaries of "Pittsburghese," for the most part probably not based on scholarly research, are:

http://www.carnegielibrary.org/subject/pgh/pittsburghese.html

http://pittsburgh.about.com/library/weekly/aa071200a.htm

Researched Web Sources about American Dialects and Linguistics

http://www.americandialect.org - home page of the American Dialect Society.

http://www.linguistlist.org/ - home page of the LINGUIST list, the largest Internet resource for all areas of linguistics.

http://us.english.uga.edu/ - home page of the archive of the Linguistic Atlas of the U.S. projects. Includes the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States , with several informants in southwestern Pennsylvania who were interviewed in the 1940s. This was part of the data for our study of /aw/ monophthongization. To use this information, you have to download the Lamcour phonetic font from the site.

http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/ - website that accompanies the 2005 PBS film “Do You Speak American?” Includes many resources for teachers.

General Print Sources on Dialects of American English

Ferguson , C. A., & Heath, S. B. (eds.). (1981). Language in the U.S.A. New York: Cambridge University Press. [an anthology of scholarly articles on varieties of American English]

Finegan, E. , & Rickford, J.(eds.). 2004. Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty-first century. New York: Cambridge University Press. [an updated, expanded sequel to Ferguson and Heath 1981 (see above)

Marckwardt, A. H. (1980 [1958]). American English ( J. L. Dillard, Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. [dated but good on early history]

MacNeil, R.and W. Cran (2004). Do You Speak American? New York: Doubleday. [general audience; companion to PBS documentary “Do You Speak American?”

McCrum, R., Cran, W., & MacNeil, R. (1986). The story of English. New York: Viking. [general audience; companion to PBS “Story of English” series

Wolfram, W., & Schilling-Estes, N. (2005). American English: Dialects and varieties, 2 nd ed.. New York: Blackwell. [up- to-date overview textbook]

Wolfram, W., & Ward, Ben., eds. (2005). American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast. Malden, MA: Blackwell. [general audience: a collection of articles on regional dialects that originally appeared in Language Magazine, a publication for teachers.]

Print Sources on Pittsburgh and Southwestern Pennsylvania (Most of these are quite technical and require some background knowledge of linguistics. Ones that are meant for a general audience are marked with an asterisk.)

Brown, C. (1982). A search for sound change: A look at the lowering of tense vowels before liquids in the Pittsburgh area [MA Thesis, Department of Linguistics]. University of Pittsburgh . [the "Stillers" feature]

Gagnon, C. L. (1999). Language attitudes in Pittsburgh : "Pittsburghese" vs. Standard English [MA Thesis, Department of Linguistics]. University of Pittsburgh . [Pittsburghers listening to taped voices labeled a Pittsburgh-accented speaker lower on status and solidarity scales than a standard-sounding speaker.]

*Gilmore, P. (1999). "Scots-Irish" words from Pennsylvania ’s mountains. Bruceton Mills , WV : Scotpress. [based on Henry W. Shoemaker, 1930, Thirteen Hundred Old-Time Words. Also includes glossary to Poems of the Scots-Irishman (1801) by David Bruce, of Washington PA. ]

Hankey, C. T. (1965). Miscellany: "Tiger," "Tagger," and [aI] in western Pennsylvania ; Diphthongal variants of [E] and [æ] in western Pennsylvania . American speech, 40, 226-229. [two short reports about phonological features]

Hankey, C. T. (1972). Notes on West Penn-Ohio phonology. In L. M. Davis (Ed.), Studies in linguistics in honor of Raven I. McDavid, jr. (pp. 49-61). University, AL: University of Alabama Press. [a technical description of regional phonology]

Johnson, B. L. (1971). The Western Pennsylvania dialect of American English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1, 69-73.

Johnstone, B., & Kiesling, S.F. (2008). Indexicality and experience: exploring the meanings of /aw/-monophthongization in Pittsburgh. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12: 5-33.

American Tongues, by Andrew Kolker and Louis Alvarez. Center for New American Media 1986. [somewhat dated but excellent film about regional and social dialects and attitudes about them]